\paperw3360 \margr0\margl0\ATXph16380 \plain \fs20 \f1 \fs22 Industrial change in the late 18th and early 19th centuries involved a profound shift from the technology of wood, wi
nd and water to that of carboniferous materials. By 1850, 3 million horses would have been needed to provide energy equal to that made available by steam power. This revolution involved agriculture as well as factories. Whereas in 1750 most farm tools
were made locally by carpenters, smiths, ploughwrights and the farmers themselves, by 1800 farm equipment was increasingly being manufactured in factories. The very notion of agriculture as an industry was certainly an expression of this transformation
. Moreover, the spread of \b \cf4 \ATXht10901000 railways\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 speeded up deliveries of farm produce and obviated the need for cattle-driving to urban markets. The applications of the \ATXnt901 new source of power were endless\ATXnt0 . In
1851, with the help of steam pumps, a 1,900-acre marshy area of Norfolk was drained so quickly that a fenman was said to have been left stranded in his boat. Power driven devices also greatly aided mining, especially boring and shaft-sinking. The outpu
t of the British ironworks also increased dramatically thanks to the use of steam-hammers and rolling machinery. Yet the huge increase in \b \cf4 \ATXht10721000 coal \b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 output necessary to sustain the increased production of power and of i
ndustrial products did not in itself depend so much on machinery as on an increased labour force. The number of collieries rose by three between the 1790s and the 1840s, when bigger and deeper mines began to be exploited. \par
